Assessing Comment Quality in Object-Oriented Languages

Previous studies have shown that high-quality code comments support developers in software maintenance and program comprehension tasks. However, the semi-structured nature of comments, several conventions to write comments, and the lack of quality assessment tools for all aspects of comments make comment evaluation and maintenance a non-trivial problem. To understand the specification of high-quality comments to build effective assessment tools, our thesis emphasizes acquiring a multi-perspective view of the comments, which can be approached by analyzing (1) the academic support for comment quality assessment, (2) developer commenting practices across languages, and (3) developer concerns about comments. Our findings regarding the academic support for assessing comment quality showed that researchers primarily focus on Java in the last decade even though the trend of using polyglot environments in software projects is increasing. Similarly, the trend of analyzing specific types of code comments (method comments, or inline comments) is increasing, but the studies rarely analyze class comments. We found 21 quality attributes that researchers consider to assess comment quality, and manual assessment is still the most commonly used technique to assess various quality attributes. Our analysis of developer commenting practices showed that developers embed a mixed level of details in class comments, ranging from high-level class overviews to low-level implementation details across programming languages. They follow style guidelines regarding what information to write in class comments but violate the structure and syntax guidelines. They primarily face problems locating relevant guidelines to write consistent and informative comments, verifying the adherence of their comments to the guidelines, and evaluating the overall state of comment quality. To help researchers and developers in building comment quality assessment tools, we contribute: (i) a systematic literature review (SLR) of ten years (2010–2020) of research on assessing comment quality, (ii) a taxonomy of quality attributes used to assess comment quality, (iii) an empirically validated taxonomy of class comment information types from three programming languages, (iv) a multi-programming-language approach to automatically identify the comment information types, (v) an empirically validated taxonomy of comment convention-related questions and recommendation from various Q&A forums, and (vi) a tool to gather discussions from multiple developer sources, such as Stack Overflow, and mailing lists. Our contributions provide various kinds of empirical evidence of the developer’s interest in reducing efforts in the software documentation process, of the limited support developers get in automatically assessing comment quality, and of the challenges they face in writing high-quality comments. This work lays the foundation for future effective comment quality assessment tools and techniques

Speculative Analysis for Quality Assessment of Code Comments

Previous studies have shown that high-quality code comments assist developers in program comprehension and maintenance tasks. However, the semi-structured nature of comments, unclear conventions for writing good comments, and the lack of quality assessment tools for all aspects of comments make their evaluation and maintenance a non-trivial problem. To achieve high-quality comments, we need a deeper understanding of code comment characteristics and the practices developers follow. In this thesis, we approach the problem of assessing comment quality from three different perspectives: what developers ask about commenting practices, what they write in comments, and how researchers support them in assessing comment quality. Our preliminary findings show that developers embed various kinds of information in class comments across programming languages. Still, they face problems in locating relevant guidelines to write consistent and informative comments, verifying the adherence of their comments to the guidelines, and evaluating the overall state of comment quality. To help developers and researchers in building comment quality assessment tools, we provide: (i) an empirically validated taxonomy of comment convention-related questions from various community forums, (ii) an empirically validated taxonomy of comment information types from various programming languages, (iii) a language-independent approach to automatically identify the information types, and (iv) a comment quality taxonomy prepared from a systematic literature review.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure, conferenc

Assessing Comment Quality in Object-Oriented Languages

Previous studies have shown that high-quality code comments support developers in software maintenance and program comprehension tasks. However, the semi-structured nature of comments, several conventions to write comments, and the lack of quality assessment tools for all aspects of comments make comment evaluation and maintenance a non-trivial problem. To understand the specification of high-quality comments to build effective assessment tools, our thesis emphasizes acquiring a multi-perspective view of the comments, which can be approached by analyzing (1) the academic support for comment quality assessment, (2) developer commenting practices across languages, and (3) developer concerns about comments. Our findings regarding the academic support for assessing comment quality showed that researchers primarily focus on Java in the last decade even though the trend of using polyglot environments in software projects is increasing. Similarly, the trend of analyzing specific types of code comments (method comments, or inline comments) is increasing, but the studies rarely analyze class comments. We found 21 quality attributes that researchers consider to assess comment quality, and manual assessment is still the most commonly used technique to assess various quality attributes. Our analysis of developer commenting practices showed that developers embed a mixed level of details in class comments, ranging from high-level class overviews to low-level implementation details across programming languages. They follow style guidelines regarding what information to write in class comments but violate the structure and syntax guidelines. They primarily face problems locating relevant guidelines to write consistent and informative comments, verifying the adherence of their comments to the guidelines, and evaluating the overall state of comment quality. To help researchers and developers in building comment quality assessment tools, we contribute: (i) a systematic literature review (SLR) of ten years (2010–2020) of research on assessing comment quality, (ii) a taxonomy of quality attributes used to assess comment quality, (iii) an empirically validated taxonomy of class comment information types from three programming languages, (iv) a multi-programming-language approach to automatically identify the comment information types, (v) an empirically validated taxonomy of comment convention-related questions and recommendation from various Q&A forums, and (vi) a tool to gather discussions from multiple developer sources, such as Stack Overflow, and mailing lists. Our contributions provide various kinds of empirical evidence of the developer’s interest in reducing efforts in the software documentation process, of the limited support developers get in automatically assessing comment quality, and of the challenges they face in writing high-quality comments. This work lays the foundation for future effective comment quality assessment tools and techniques

Variant anatomy of common hepatic artery and its branching pattern: a cadaveric study with clinical implication

Background: With the advent of new diagnostic, therapeutic and operative techniques within the abdominal cavity, a sound knowledge of the variant courses of the abdominal vessels become important for dealing clinicians, surgeons and interventional radiologists. Surgeons undertaking hepatobiliary and gastric surgery must be acquainted with the anatomy of common hepatic artery and should be able to recognize its multiple anatomical variants to avoid subsequent thrombosis leading to ischaemia of the liver or bile duct and stomach with distressing consequences. The present study was carried out to document the normal anatomy and different variations of the common hepatic artery and to evaluate the possible clinical implications.Methods: A total of 36 properly embalmed and formalin fixed cadavers were dissected in the abdominal region and viscera were mobilized to expose the origin of important branches of the common hepatic artery.Results: Classical branching pattern of common hepatic artery was seen in 91.66% cases. Origin of right hepatic artery from superior mesenteric artery and accessory cystic artery from gastroduodenal artery was seen in 2.77% cases. In 5.55% cases, right gastric artery originated from left hepatic artery.Conclusions: Knowledge of such variations will play a significant role in avoiding technical difficulties during infusion therapy and chemoembolization of neoplasm in the liver. It is also valuable in carrying out surgical intervention safely in the abdomen and also in the interpretation of angiographic reports

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON MADANPHALA (RANDIA DUMETORUM (RETZ) POIR.)

Ayurveda science follows the principle that when there is accumulation of morbid Dosha it needs to be expelled out from the nearest route which is also known as Shodhana therapy. Vamana (therapeutic emesis) is a therapeutic procedure in which Apakva (unripen stage) Pitta or Kapha Doshas are expelled out through oral route. Madanphala known as Randia Dumetorum (Reitz) Poir belongs to Rubiacea family is most commonly used drug for Vamana and is considered as best one because of its Anapayitatva qualities means having very less complications and is safer to use. It is considered as Agrya Dravya (best drug) for Vamana, Asthapana and Anuvasana. It possesses qualities like Madhura Tikata or Katu Tikta Rasa (taste), Laghu Rukhsa qualities, Katu Vipaka (post digestive effect) and Ushna Virya (potency). It performs various actions like Vamana, Lekhana, Jvaraghana, Shothaghana, Jvaraghana, Shothaghana. It has been indicated in Pratishyaya, Shleshama Jvara, Vidhradhi, Gulma, Shosha, Shotha, Anaha, Vrana, Kushtha, Kaphaj Hridroga, Pakvashaya shodhana and Kapha Vata diseases. Through various sources synonyms, qualities, actions, indications, posology, toxicities and its treatment has been collected. This information will help for further research to validate the classical uses of Madanphala

First report of uniseriate free-living Ulva species with description of new species Ulva uniseriata sp. nov (Chlorophyta, Ulvales).

1687-1691Ulva is recognized as a cosmopolitan genus in the order Ulvales of Chlorophyta. Here, we describe a new species of free-living uniseriate Ulva from the eastern coast of the Indian subcontinent. Distinguishing morphological characteristics include unbranched compressed filamentous thalli, tufts of thallus attached via rhizoids, quadrilateral to elongated cells with round apices, and parietal chloroplasts with multiple pyrenoids per cell. Phylogenetic reconstruction using nrDNA ITS1 locus revealed a distinct monophyletic clade encompassing all of our uniseriate accessions, thus corroborating the new species proposition under the framework of phylogenetic species concept. The closest BLASTn hit was found to be Ulva prolifera, but our isolates had synapomorphic trait of compressed uniseriate thalli which is absent in Ulva prolifera or any of the previously described species of Ulva to date. Based on morphological and molecular synapomorphy, a new free-living uniseriate species Ulva uniseriata sp. nov. is formally proposed.&nbsp

A Frequency Assessment of Prevalent Prevention Strategies in order to Manage Banks’ NPAs in MSME Loans

The vast amount of non-performing assets (NPAs) is a recurrent problem and a huge barrier to developing a successful banking sector. The MSME sector of the Indian economy is experiencing a worsening problem with delinquent assets. There has hardly been any systematic evaluation of tackling the problem in the context of loans sanctioned to MSMEs. Recent years have seen an increase in bad loans to micro, small, and medium businesses. Curative and preventive measures are both available to control non-performing assets (Meher et al., 2020). The study makes an effort to concentrate on the identification of numerous preventive methods for NPA management in the MSME sector in future. The primary data is related to the actual usage of preventive measures. The data was empirically evaluated using frequency analysis based on a survey of 316 bankers from 10 banks (5 from public and 5 from private sector). Therefore, the current study aims to shed light on the methods utilised to prevent NPAs in MMSEs while taking into account the viewpoint of the bankers who have had direct involvement in lending choices. The findings highlight the key methods for preventing NPAs which the banks must consider while making the necessary structural modifications to their mitigation measures

Social Images of Sexual Exploitation and Human Suffering In Mulk Raj Anand Coolie and Untouchable

Social images related with society. In our society, there are so many social problems. Both the novel brings out the suffering of the poor human being. Bakha, the protagonist in Untouchable represents the exploitation which has been the destiny of untouchables like him. The untouchable belongs to the scavenger caste. Thus, untouchable deals with different kinds of exploitations such as social, political, economic and sexual exploitation. Mulk Raj Anand’s Coolie is a novel of child labor. Munoo is the central character or protagonist of the novel, Coolie. The novelist depicts the turn child labor in the life of Munoo through his story of repression. The novel Coolie is a painful story of human suffering. It discusses the problems of coolies in our society.  Mulk Raj Anand was one of the first India-based writers in English literature. He was an Indian writer in English. He is appreciated for his novels and short stories. Life of this great writer is filled with immense happenings. Certainly some of them are very critical and some are unbelievable.  He focuses various social, economic and cultural issues in his works particularly in his novels. He has written about 15 novels; some of them his famous novels are Untouchable (1935), Coolie (1936), Two Leaves and a Bud (1937), The Village (1939), Across the Black Waters (1939), The Sword and the Sickle (1942), The Private Life of an Indian Prince (1953). He has written also two collections namely Indian Fairy Tales (1946) and More Indian Fairy Tales (1961). In addition to this, he has created more than 6 collections of short stories. Anand’s first three novels – Untouchable, Coolie and Two Leaves and a Bud deal with the social issues in Pre-independent India. Anand focuses the lot of class of the deprived, the oppressed and the exiles. Coolie and Untouchable are the best example of the deprived and oppressed society